In the context of the Mahābhārata and specifically the
verse you cited, the Sanskrit term “guṇa” (गुण) carries
a nuanced and context dependent meaning derived
from classical Indian philosophy and literature.
At its most basic, guṇa can be translated as “quality,”
“attribute,” “trait,” or “excellence”. It denotes a distinguishing
characteristic or feature of a person, object, or concept.
Philosophical Significance:
In Hindu philosophical contexts, particularly the Sāṃkhya
system, guṇas are the three fundamental constituents or
tendencies that shape the nature of all beings:
- Sattva – harmony, purity, balance, virtue, and wisdom.
- Rajas – passion, activity, desire, drive, ego, and dynamism.
- Tamas – inertia, ignorance, darkness, confusion, and destructiveness.
These guṇas interact in varying proportions to determine - behavior, temperaments, and moral disposition. In a moral
- or leadership context, as in Yudhiṣṭhira’s query, guṇa refers
- not just to superficial traits but to core ethical and psychological
- qualities.
The verse reads:
yudhiṣṭhira uvāca: samrāṅguṇam abhīpsan vai yuṣmān
svārthaparāyaṇaḥ kathaṁ prahiṇuyāṁ kṛ
Here, samrāṅguṇam can be broken down as:
- sam – complete, full
- rāṅguṇam – all desired qualities or virtues (guṇa)
Yudhiṣṭhira is essentially inquiring how to impart or cultivate the
full measure of virtuous qualities in individuals who are otherwise
inclined toward self-interest (svārtha). The word guṇa in this
dialogue emphasizes:
- Moral and ethical excellences
- Virtuous attributes suitable for a ruler or a person aspiring
- to dharma
- The ideal character traits that can harmonize a person’s selfish
- tendencies with righteousness
- In the Mahābhārata Book 6 Chapter 2, guṇa can also imply
- a subdivision or component (avayava), reflecting how each
- part of one’s character or virtue can be addressed and cultivated.
- Classical commentators also link guṇa to refinement, excellence,
- and the aggregation of qualities that make someone capable
- of dharmic action.
Within this verse, guṇa should be understood as “virtues” or
“ethical qualities” that together constitute an ideal, morally
upright personal character. Yudhiṣṭhira is concerned with the
practical cultivation of these guṇas in people whose default
tendencies lean toward selfishness.
Conclusion
In this Mahābhārata verse, guṇa refers specifically to:
“the complete set of virtuous qualities, moral traits, or ethical
“the complete set of virtuous qualities, moral traits, or ethical
attributes that comprise an ideal character or excellence”. The
term bridges both individual ethical development and the
philosophical understanding of human tendencies, echoing
the broader Indian concept of guṇas as constitutive elements
of nature, morality, and personality.
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