Definition of Kleśa:
In Sanskrit literature and Indian philosophical traditions,
kleśa (क्लेश) broadly denotes affliction, suffering, pain,
distress, or mental anguish. Its technical usage spans
Hindu and Yogic frameworks, where it constitutes one of the
primary obstacles to liberation, moral action, or inner peace.
1. Kleśa in Hinduism and Mahābhārata Context
While the term "kleśa" is more commonly elaborated in Yoga
Sūtras texts, its essence appears in the Mahābhārata when
describing the psychological and karmic struggles of individuals,
such as Yudhiṣṭhira's reflections in the cited verse:
yudhiṣṭhira uvāca samrāṅguṇam abhīpsan vai yuṣmān
svārthaparāyaṇaḥ kathaṁ prahiṇuyāṁ kṛṣṇa so ̍ haṁ
kevalasāhasāt
Yudhiṣṭhira speaks of the difficulty and suffering inherent in
assigning responsibility or confronting challenges purely through
strength or self-interest. The underlying notion aligns with kleśa
because:
- Individuals are hindered in their actions by desire, attachment,
- pride, and delusion.
- These afflictions create an inner turbulence that complicates
- dharmic decision-making and ethical action.
In this sense, kleśa manifests as the mental and emotional
obstacles impacting human action, including strategic, ethical,
and relational dimensions in epic narratives.
2. Kleśa in Yoga Philosophy (Patañjali)
Patañjali’s Yoga Sūtras (2.3–2.12) classify five primary kleśas:
- Avidyā (Ignorance) – Misunderstanding of reality, root cause
- of all suffering.
- Asmitā (Egoism/I-sense) – Over-identification with the self, leading to pride and self-centeredness.
- Rāga (Attachment/Desire) – Longing for pleasurable experiences and aversion to loss.
- Dveṣa (Aversion/Anger) – Rejection or hostility toward
- unpleasant experiences.
- Abhiniveśa (Fear of Death/Clinging to Life) – Innate clinging to existence, insecurity, or self-preservation.
These kleśas distort perception, provoke suffering, and drive
unwholesome karma, which Patañjali treats both as obstacles
and as root afflictions for the repetitive cycles of samsāra. They
are latent (anuśaya) until triggered, affecting behavior consciously
or unconsciously.
5. Link to Yudhiṣṭhira’s Verse
The Mahābhārata verse essentially highlights how self-centered attachments (svārthaparāyaṇaḥ) and desire for
excellence (samrāṅguṇam abhīpsan) act as practical kleśas:
- They obstruct judicious action and dharmic conduct.
- Reliance on mere strength or fearlessness is insufficient without
- reflection and virtue.
- This aligns with both Hindu and Yogic understanding, showing
- kleśa as the inner source of difficulty that complicates moral
- and wartime decisions.
Summary
Kleśa is a multidimensional concept of inner affliction or suffering
spanning cognition, emotion, and volition:
- Yoga: five primary afflictions (avidyā, asmitā, rāga, dveṣa,
- abhiniveśa); cause suffering, condition karma.
- Epic/Kāvya context: human attachments and desires that
- complicate dharma and decision-making illustrate kleśa in
- narrative form (e.g., Yudhiṣṭhira’s prudence).
In essence, any psychological or moral obstacle deriving from
ignorance, attachment, egoism, aversion, or fear can be understood
as a kleśa, highlighting its universal applicability in classical Indian thought.
References:
- Yoga Sūtras, Patañjali, Sutras 2.3–2.12, 2.12–2.14
- Mahābhārata, Book 2, Chapter 15 (Yudhiṣṭhira’s reflections)
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